As was foretold, we've added advertisements to the forums! If you have questions, or if you encounter any bugs, please visit this thread: https://forums.penny-arcade.com/discussion/240191/forum-advertisement-faq-and-reports-thread/

Final Fantasy the 14th, where the end of the world is on the way!

Just_Bri_ThanksJust_Bri_Thanks Seething with ragefrom a handbasket.Registered User, ClubPA regular
edited February 2021 in MMO Extravaganza
So yeah, I will use the first posts for informational topics if everyone gives me a minute to set it up. PM me if you have resources that are still useful. All the stuff in the previous first post looks outdated.

FFXIV: Shadowbringers is available on Windows, MacOS, PS4. Windows version can be purchased online, in-store or via Steam
All clients play on the same servers. The PS3 client has been discontinued. You will be unable to purchase a license for any content for the PS3 client.
  • Free trial <Link>
  • Benchmark tool and character designer <Link>

Trial accounts have the following limitations:
  • Maximum of 300,000 gil on a character
  • Limited to level 60 or below (This limitation allows you to play all the way through to the end of Heavensward)
  • Unable to use /shout, /yell, and /tell chat modes
  • Unable to access the marketboard, create/use retainers, send/receive in-game mail, and trade with other players
  • Unable to join/create Free Companies (guilds), unable to create but can join if invited parties and linkshells
  • Unable to progress past floor 10 of the Palace of the Dead
  • No time limitation. Characters can be transferred to a full paid account with no time limitations if created after patch 3.56
  • Characters created on a trial account before patch 3.56 have a 90 day time limit to be transferred to a full paid account


PA Community Information

Server:
Sargatanas (Legacy) NA - Aether Datacenter
Server Status: http://www.arrstatus.com/

Reminder: All clients play on the same servers. There will be PS4 players alongside those on Windows/MacOS
There's three datacenter clusters. One based in Japan, one in North America (located in San Jose, California) and a new EU data center
There are no restrictions on which server cluster you can play on when selecting a server but be mindful of the location for the purposes of latency

Datacenter groups are used in Duty Finder and Raid Finder group matchmaking.

Free Company
Official PA Forum FC: Ghost in the Linkshell <GHOST>

You can be invited into the FC by finding anyone with the <GHOST> tag, select the "View Company Profile" option and submit an application mentioning the PA forums



note that it's not like a PA exclusive community there's a bunch of people from just the server in general.

...and when you are done with that; take a folding
chair to Creation and then suplex the Void.
Just_Bri_Thanks on
«134567101

Posts

  • Just_Bri_ThanksJust_Bri_Thanks Seething with rage from a handbasket.Registered User, ClubPA regular
    edited May 2021
    Information in this post may be outdated. Please PM me with current resources and I will swap them out.


    Crafting resources:
    https://ffxivcrafting.com/
    https://ffxivteamcraft.com/search

    FF14 database:
    https://www.garlandtools.org/

    Glamour resource:
    https://xivstyle-archive.com/

    Player Glamours (for inspiration or sincere flattery):
    https://ffxiv.eorzeacollection.com/
    https://www.reddit.com/r/FFXIVGlamours/



    This seems to be a catch all for how-to stuff:

    https://saltedxiv.com/

    Info site for Tripple Triad

    https://arrtripletriad.com/en/cards

    Market board info!

    https://universalis.app/



    ~~~~~~~Legacy info below this line~~~~~~~

    - Gearing

    Gear calculator
    http://ffxiv.ariayla.com

    Theorycrafting blog
    https://dervyxiv.wordpress.com/


    - Combat

    What do I need to do to get caught up with Heavensward and all the unlockable stuff?
    https://www.reddit.com/r/ffxiv/comments/3bheg1/guide_to_catching_up_to_patch_30_heavensward/

    I'm a fresh, newbie level 60. Now what?
    https://docs.google.com/document/d/10GOT6OpviApNsCIKiDJfVpktObeETow9cSNacnb-jyA/edit

    Setting up useable targeting filters
    http://www.reddit.com/r/ffxiv/comments/1knlxo/demystifying_targeting_and_filters_a_keyboard_and/

    Give me the quick and dirty on tanking! In style!
    Tanking 101
    Aggro Management

    What's all these stats do?
    Combat stats are divided into two types: Primary and Secondary stats
    For the sake of brevity, only the basic outline will be covered. Exceptions and "buts" which apply to high-end PvE content will not be mentioned due to added complexity and if you're at the point of optimising at that level, this info isn't for you.

    Primary stats include Strength, Dexterity, Intellect, Mind and Vitality. All of these stats can be allocated with your bonus points for levelling up.
    Secondary stats include Critical Hit, Determination, Direct Hit, Tenacity, Skill Speed, Spell Speed and Piety.
    A "tertiary" stat is weapon damage. Weapon damage is king and any increase will make a very significant impact on your effectiveness.

    Each combat class/job will have a preferred primary stat. For tanks, this is Vitality. Melee DPS except Rogues/Ninjas will favor Strength. Ranged physical DPS and Rogues/Ninjas want Dexterity. Casters will want Intellect and finally Healers want Mind. The primary stats will have a significant effect on all your abilities.

    Secondary stats are a fair bit more complicated.
    Critical Hit - Increases the chance for a hit to deal extra damage as a critical hit. This stat also increases the severity of the critical hits.
    Direct Hit - Similar to Critical Hit, Direct Hits deal extra damage compared to a normal hit. Compared to critical hit, direct hits are lower severity, but occur more often. As with critical hit, this stat increases the severity of the direct hits in addition to increasing the chance a direct hit will occur. This stat can only be found on DPS role gear, however it can be melded via materia on Tank and Healer gear.
    Determination - Increases the potency of all skills and abilities.
    Skill Speed - Rather complex stat. It affects Damage over Time effects at around the same potency as Determination but has other effects in reducing the GCD of weaponskills. Advanced players who are aiming at optimising their play will seek certain amounts of skill speed. Value is dependant on job.
    Tenacity - A new stat introduced with 4.0 Stormblood. This stat replaces Parry and is only available on tank gear, and only affects jobs and classes of the Tank role. This stat increases damage done, reduces damage taken and increases the potency of healing spells and effects.
    Spell Speed - Similar to Skill Speed, this stat affects the cast time and the GCD of spells. Black Mages will sell their own mothers for more spell speed and as a result, the stat occupies a value higher than crit for them. It's still a good stat for any other caster, including healers as it also affects periodic effects such as Damage over Time effects and Heal over Time effects.
    Piety - This stat increases the maximum MP of class and jobs of the Healer role. It will not have any effect on Tank or DPS role classes. Piety also has the side-effect of increasing MP regeneration as the base regeneration is a function of maximum MP set at 2% every 3 seconds while in combat. The amount of MP desired by healers differs based on personal preference with some favouring a larger MP pool to have a strong reserve amount while others prefer minimal amounts of MP. As of 4.0 Stormblood, Piety is now considered as a full secondary stat, and has the same equipment stat caps as all the other secondary stats on all 4.0 and newer items.


    - Hunts and assorted combat content

    Hunt trackers
    http://ffxiv.ariyala.com/HuntTracker/Sargatanas/

    Centurio Seal hunt mark pathfinder
    http://www.ffxivhuntspath.co.uk/

    Hunt hot spots
    http://imgur.com/a/9ZtbV

    Treasure map reference guide
    http://14eorzea.seesaa.net/article/438008632.html

    What about some Pee Vee Pee?
    https://pvpaissa.com/


    - Crafting and Gathering

    Really awesome starter guide on crafting
    http://ffxivrealm.com/guides/ff14-advanced-crafting-guide-by-caimie-tsukino.39/

    Crafting Simulator
    http://ffxiv-beta.lokyst.net/#/simulator

    Crafting shopping list (Slightly out of date)
    http://ffxivcrafting.com/

    Item database & crafting lists
    http://www.garlandtools.org/db

    Eorzea Database
    http://na.finalfantasyxiv.com/lodestone/playguide/db/

    A Realm Reborn (Pre-Heavensward) Unspoiled gathering guide
    http://ffxivrealm.com/guides/ff14-unspoiled-gathering-guide-by-caimie-tsukino.53/

    Heavensward gathering guide
    http://ffxivrealm.com/guides/ff14-heavensward-gathering-guide-by-caimie-tsukino.157/

    Gathering node spawn tracker
    http://garlandtools.org/bell/

    Pokedex of fishing
    http://en.ff14angler.com/


    - Housing and Gardening

    Housing furniture catalogue
    http://en.ff14housing.com/

    Gardening cross-breeding
    http://www.ffxivgardening.com/

    Airship guide
    http://forum.square-enix.com/ffxiv/threads/245872-Airship-Guide


    - Other stuff

    Triple Triad resource
    http://ffxivtriad.com/cards

    Squadron Calculator
    http://ffxivsquadron.com/[/quote]

    Just_Bri_Thanks on
    ...and when you are done with that; take a folding
    chair to Creation and then suplex the Void.
  • Just_Bri_ThanksJust_Bri_Thanks Seething with rage from a handbasket.Registered User, ClubPA regular
    edited November 2021
    So you want to know more about the game because you have never played? Final Fantasy 14 is one of the better MMOs on the market these days, full of epic storylines and all that jazz. It takes place on a world called.... You know, let me just post a few trailers and we can call it good:

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2XbxPsWFyU8

    This was how the game was originally. It was bad. It was fated to die an early death. In order to save their flagship title, Square brought in
    Naoki Yoshida, also known as Yoshi-P. After much struggle, he and his team took the game apart and put it back together so it looked like this:

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h542YbZuwkQ

    This game was good and everyone loved it, to the tune of them putting out 3 expansions, with a 4th on the way. (The following videos may have spoilers, you are warned.)

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4phUCJlomPo

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jt1h1MinlLI

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tyuIh12_HU

    And here is the Teaser trailer and Launch Trailer for the new expansion in the spoiler tags:

    So come play the game with us. And if you don't want to play with us, fine. Come play with someone else. Jerks I mean, Silly Geese.




    This ought to be enough. Commence posting.

    Just_Bri_Thanks on
    ...and when you are done with that; take a folding
    chair to Creation and then suplex the Void.
  • PolaritiePolaritie Sleepy Registered User regular
    Endwalker ends the 127 page monster.

    Steam: Polaritie
    3DS: 0473-8507-2652
    Switch: SW-5185-4991-5118
    PSN: AbEntropy
  • Just_Bri_ThanksJust_Bri_Thanks Seething with rage from a handbasket.Registered User, ClubPA regular
    Enc wrote: »
    Mrs. Enc and I have joined the realm, characters:
    • Gardenstern Lake
    • Azmaranthe Lake

    We're mostly playing together when our schedules allow, but hopefully we can join up with GHOST and eventually join yall in endgame. :)

    I'm still looking for you two.

    ...and when you are done with that; take a folding
    chair to Creation and then suplex the Void.
  • AxenAxen My avatar is Excalibur. Yes, the sword.Registered User regular
    Somewhere in Japan Nomura is silently sobbing.

    A Capellan's favorite sheath for any blade is your back.
  • Just_Bri_ThanksJust_Bri_Thanks Seething with rage from a handbasket.Registered User, ClubPA regular
    I take it Nomura is enthusiastic about belts?

    ...and when you are done with that; take a folding
    chair to Creation and then suplex the Void.
  • DonnictonDonnicton Registered User regular
    I take it Nomura is enthusiastic about belts?

    He has a reputation for incorporating belts and zippers into a lot of his character designs. According to him it was an unconscious preference at first but as people started to tease him about it he would push back and do it even more.

  • H0b0manH0b0man Registered User regular
    336-3365059_lulu-render-ffx-cosplay-ffx-lulu.png

    Just a little bit.

    FFXIV: Agran Trask
  • AxenAxen My avatar is Excalibur. Yes, the sword.Registered User regular
    edited February 2021
    I take it Nomura is enthusiastic about belts?

    Yes, one could say hey has a certain love of belts.

    SQG48fN.png

    edit- I wonder if Lulu was the moment he started to do it on purpose or if it was the moment he realized he was doing it in the first place. Cause I am pretty damn sure it is one or the other.

    Axen on
    A Capellan's favorite sheath for any blade is your back.
  • McMoogleMcMoogle Registered User regular
    I see no belts, only a lavishly designed dress.

    steam_sig.png
  • AxenAxen My avatar is Excalibur. Yes, the sword.Registered User regular
    McMoogle wrote: »
    I see no belts, only a lavishly designed dress.

    There are no belts in Ba Sing Se.

    A Capellan's favorite sheath for any blade is your back.
  • H0b0manH0b0man Registered User regular
    My understanding is Lulu's outfit exists because he wanted to fuck with the CGI team and make them animate all those belts and have them all be consistent throughout the game.

    So they went and made most of her CGI scenes only show her from the waist up.

    FFXIV: Agran Trask
  • AxenAxen My avatar is Excalibur. Yes, the sword.Registered User regular
    H0b0man wrote: »
    My understanding is Lulu's outfit exists because he wanted to fuck with the CGI team and make them animate all those belts and have them all be consistent throughout the game.

    So they went and made most of her CGI scenes only show her from the waist up.

    That sounds like a real dick thing to do and kudos to the CGI team for finding a creative way around said dickery.

    A Capellan's favorite sheath for any blade is your back.
  • CaedwyrCaedwyr Registered User regular
    @Just_Bri_Thanks The free trial now includes both ARR and HW and goes to level 60. You can complete all the 3.x patch content as well.

  • PolaritiePolaritie Sleepy Registered User regular
    It also means the trial has access to Dark Knight and the beginning of the best job quest story, doesn't it?

    Steam: Polaritie
    3DS: 0473-8507-2652
    Switch: SW-5185-4991-5118
    PSN: AbEntropy
  • MugsleyMugsley DelawareRegistered User regular
    Also heavy rumor is that the next expansion will open Stormblood for F2P

  • SkeithSkeith Registered User regular
    That'd make sense. Can we add this to the resources as well?

    https://saltedxiv.com/

    It's a good alternative to The Balance if you don't feel like poking around in Discord a bunch.

    aTBDrQE.jpg
  • ph blakeph blake Registered User regular
    I cannot believe that the stupid mecha dragon is going to make me go back and farm all the EX trial mounts, after completely ignoring mount farming up to this point.

    That thing speaks to me on a spiritual level and I must have it.

    7h8wnycre6vs.png
  • ZythonZython Registered User regular
    ph blake wrote: »
    I cannot believe that the stupid mecha dragon is going to make me go back and farm all the EX trial mounts, after completely ignoring mount farming up to this point.

    That thing speaks to me on a spiritual level and I must have it.

    I’m so glad I’ve got 5/7 already. Once the Emerald & Diamond mount drop rates increase in 5.55, it will be MINE!

    Speaking of, I love how in the past, Yoshi-P gave us legendary creatures based on the mount we got. But this time? Nope, fucking ROCKET DRAGON!

    Switch: SW-3245-5421-8042 | 3DS Friend Code: 4854-6465-0299 | PSN: Zaithon
    Steam: pazython
  • KhildithKhildith Registered User regular
    Finally finished the grind to 15 in Bozja. Decided to spend the rest of the night focusing on the duel with Gabriel. It is really not a joke! The first time I got worn down by his autoattacks. I watched videos of people fighting him and no one seemed to take much damage so I used a dps pot instead. Got him to about half before he beat me to death. Second try I moved a half second too early during the 'stay still or die' phase and got blown up. Neither time did my reraiser trigger, that rat. I think I can get him with a third try, now I just have to endure the RNG waiting for a chance.

    People keep accepting the duel and then not entering it! I feel like it should offer it again to everyone who qualified if the person who accepts it doesn't even enter the arena. Also give them a huge mettle punishment because its a total dick move.

  • FrozenzenFrozenzen Registered User regular
    I'm weirdly enough enjoying grinding Delubrum Reginae. The fight are real fun, and the music is great.

    I especially love the final boss theme, real pity the orchestrion drops in savage.

  • Just_Bri_ThanksJust_Bri_Thanks Seething with rage from a handbasket.Registered User, ClubPA regular
    edited February 2021
    PM me these things and include a description of the purpose so we don't clutter up the thread and I know where to put it.


    Edit: And now back to the real purpose of the thread, shitposting about FFXIV:
    8gnOSIZ.png

    Just_Bri_Thanks on
    ...and when you are done with that; take a folding
    chair to Creation and then suplex the Void.
  • AxenAxen My avatar is Excalibur. Yes, the sword.Registered User regular
    Ooh, been awhile since I played.

    I have learned to NEVER EVER do the Story Roulette.

    Jesus Christ on the cross.

    A Capellan's favorite sheath for any blade is your back.
  • RenzoRenzo Registered User regular
    Axen wrote: »
    Ooh, been awhile since I played.

    I have learned to NEVER EVER do the Story Roulette.

    Jesus Christ on the cross.

    It's probably the easiest way to get a ton of xp in one roulette, as long as you get the right instance.

    But you have to be cool with sitting through a lot of cutscenes.

  • AxenAxen My avatar is Excalibur. Yes, the sword.Registered User regular
    I just walked away, made dinner, consumed dinner and it was still going on. Not worth it.

    A Capellan's favorite sheath for any blade is your back.
  • reVersereVerse Attack and Dethrone God Registered User regular
    Tell me for whom do you fight how very glib and do you believe in Eorzea Eorzeas unity is forged on falsehoods its city-states are built on deceit and it's faith is an instrument of deception it is naught but a cobweb of lies to believe in Eorzea is to believe in nothing in Eorzea the beast tribes often summons gods to fight in their stead though your comrades only rarely respond in kind which is strange is it not are the twelve otherwise engaged I was given to understand they were your protectors if you truly believe them your guardians why do you not repeat the trick that served you so well at Carteneau and call them down they will answer so long as you lavish them with crystals and gorge them on aether your gods are no different from those of the beasts eikons every one accept but this and you will see how Eorzeas faith is bleeding the land dry nor is this unknown to your masters which prompts the question why do they cling to these false deities what drives even men of learning even the great Louisoix to grovel at their feet the answer your masters lack the strength to do otherwise for the world of man to mean anything man must own the world to this end he hath fought ever to raise himself through conflict to grow rich through conquest and when the dust of battle settles it is ever the strong who dictate the fate of the weak knowing this but a single path is open to the impotent ruler that of false worship a path which leads to enervation and death only a man of power can rightly steer the course of civilization and in this land of creeping mendacity that one truth will prove its salvation come champion of Eorzea face me your defeat shall serve as proof of my readiness to rule it is only right that I should take your realm for none among you has the power to stop me

  • PolaritiePolaritie Sleepy Registered User regular
    Yeah, its only interesting the first time. But, the first timers should get tonsee it, so...

    Steam: Polaritie
    3DS: 0473-8507-2652
    Switch: SW-5185-4991-5118
    PSN: AbEntropy
  • ph blakeph blake Registered User regular
    Such devestation...

    7h8wnycre6vs.png
  • NightslyrNightslyr Registered User regular
    Mini rant:

    In an age where the game has the Trust system, where you can run/learn 4-person content with AI companions before doing it with actual people, there's zero reason for tanks to be unprepared.

    Wiped to the 1st boss of Matoya's Relict and almost wiped to the last boss. Also nearly wiped to the 1st boss of The Grand Cosmos with a different PUG. All because the tank didn't understand how to handle simple mechanics. I mean, yeah, 4-person content is ezpz... IF you can handle like one mechanic per fight. You still gotta do what the fight blatantly asks you to do.

    Wiping/nearly wiping takes longer than doing a Trust, let alone watching a 5 minute Mizzteq video or something. There's no good reason not to be prepared and waste everyone's time.

  • PolaritiePolaritie Sleepy Registered User regular
    edited February 2021
    I will not run anything blind on tank. I will, however, do it on healer or DPS. The latter because me blowing up in most content just slows the run down. The former because it gives me the most attention span I can devote to learning mechanics as they come out because I only actually need to cast like 1 thing every 10s to keep the party alive. (Though that's still limited - I generally won't blind run stuff except day 1-2 or so period, once the good guide videos are up...)

    Polaritie on
    Steam: Polaritie
    3DS: 0473-8507-2652
    Switch: SW-5185-4991-5118
    PSN: AbEntropy
  • SabreMauSabreMau ネトゲしよう 판다리아Registered User regular
    Matoya's Relict was actually the last thing that I tanked completely blind, because I was going in day 1 about an hour or so after it was patched in. Didn't take all that long to figure out what the mechanics were on the fly.

  • ph blakeph blake Registered User regular
    Everyone should run 4 man content blind imo, if they feel like it.

    Like it sucks that you wiped/nearly wiped, but expecting people to have to look up story dungeons before they do them is asinine.

    7h8wnycre6vs.png
  • reVersereVerse Attack and Dethrone God Registered User regular
    edited February 2021
    Nightslyr wrote: »
    Mini rant:

    This isn't a fundamental issue with running content blind, you just encountered a player who isn't that good at the game. It happens.

    The real problem is your entitled attitude.

    reVerse on
  • NightslyrNightslyr Registered User regular
    ph blake wrote: »
    Everyone should run 4 man content blind imo, if they feel like it.

    Like it sucks that you wiped/nearly wiped, but expecting people to have to look up story dungeons before they do them is asinine.

    What's more asinine - forcing 4 people to do what's normally a 20 minute dungeon in 45-50 minutes (not an exaggeration), or taking about 30 minutes of just your own time to run it/learn it on your own so you can do it properly, especially if it's part of the non-raid endgame grind? Or, better yet, watching a 5 minute guide on YouTube?

    The most precious resource anyone has is time. And while MMOs are time sinks by design, actually wasting people's time beyond that makes you an asshole. Full stop. Have some consideration for the people you're playing with.

  • ph blakeph blake Registered User regular
    Nah.

    No dungeon in this game is serious enough to require looking up a guide for instead of doing it blind, and whining that "this took 15 minutes longer cause the new player made us wipe once" is horse shit.

    People like doing story content blind, get over it

    7h8wnycre6vs.png
  • NightslyrNightslyr Registered User regular
    reVerse wrote: »
    Nightslyr wrote: »
    Mini rant:

    This isn't a fundamental issue with running content blind, you just encountered a player who isn't that good at the game. It happens.

    The real problem is your entitled attitude.

    The Trust system exists to help players learn/pass story content. There's no reason not to use it.

    Moreover, yes, I expect level 80s at current non-raid endgame content to exhibit basic competence. Presumably they got to that point for a reason.

    A quick Internet search tells me that Matoya's Relict came out two months ago (patch 5.4 came out on December 8th). There's ample resources available both for specific dungeons (guides, Trusts) and general play (more guides). I'm not asking that people become world first raid aces, but knowing that the rocks go in the holes would be nice, yeah.

    Again, you're playing with other people. You're on their time just as much as they're on yours. Be considerate.

  • NightslyrNightslyr Registered User regular
    ph blake wrote: »
    Nah.

    No dungeon in this game is serious enough to require looking up a guide for instead of doing it blind, and whining that "this took 15 minutes longer cause the new player made us wipe once" is horse shit.

    People like doing story content blind, get over it

    There's nothing stopping them from doing story content blind. In a Trust. That's literally why the system was made.

  • PolaritiePolaritie Sleepy Registered User regular
    Nightslyr wrote: »
    ph blake wrote: »
    Nah.

    No dungeon in this game is serious enough to require looking up a guide for instead of doing it blind, and whining that "this took 15 minutes longer cause the new player made us wipe once" is horse shit.

    People like doing story content blind, get over it

    There's nothing stopping them from doing story content blind. In a Trust. That's literally why the system was made.

    No, it really isn't.

    Steam: Polaritie
    3DS: 0473-8507-2652
    Switch: SW-5185-4991-5118
    PSN: AbEntropy
  • NightslyrNightslyr Registered User regular
    edited February 2021
    Polaritie wrote: »
    Nightslyr wrote: »
    ph blake wrote: »
    Nah.

    No dungeon in this game is serious enough to require looking up a guide for instead of doing it blind, and whining that "this took 15 minutes longer cause the new player made us wipe once" is horse shit.

    People like doing story content blind, get over it

    There's nothing stopping them from doing story content blind. In a Trust. That's literally why the system was made.

    No, it really isn't.

    Sure it is. It can be inferred by the 2nd sentence of the official description: https://na.finalfantasyxiv.com/shadowbringers/trust/

    Nightslyr on
  • NightslyrNightslyr Registered User regular
    edited February 2021
    I ran through the vast majority of Shadowbringers in a Trust first in order to learn the dungeons while not being inconsiderate to real people during the learning phase. IIRC, the only dungeons I didn't do that for were The Twinning and Akadaemia Anyder. The system works fairly well, even though it's slower than running with people.

    EDIT: apparently those two didn't have Trusts because they're not main scenario. Makes more sense to me now.

    Nightslyr on
This discussion has been closed.