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The Mueller Investigation Thread - in which Rudy Guiliani talks about obstruction

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    shrykeshryke Member of the Beast Registered User regular
    Astaereth wrote: »
    He did pardon Scooter Libby, didn’t he? I got the impression that he did from the stuff I was reading last night.

    Who exactly is Scooter Libby? Ive been learning all sorts of names that were completely obscure to me even up to Trump’s election, but that’s a new one on me.

    Libby was the chief culprit in the Valerie Plame scandal, when (IIRC) Plame, a covert operative, had her identity leaked by the W. Bush admin as punishment for political actions taken by Plame’s husband.

    More accurately, Libby fell on the sword to protect the people higher up in the admin who were actually responsible (ie - Cheney). He did the time and refused to roll.

    And while the specifics of Libby's crimes are amusing/infuriating, they aren't topic. The only point was the hilarious contrast of this popping up like the day before Trump starts ranting about Comey leaking again.

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    SpoitSpoit *twitch twitch* Registered User regular
    edited April 2018

    Ben Pershing is an editor for the national journal

    I'm really not sure about that strategy. Waiting for rational Republicans seems foolhardy

    Spoit on
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    VanguardVanguard But now the dream is over. And the insect is awake.Registered User, __BANNED USERS regular
    White House is prepping an effort to undermine Rosenstein

    Washington (CNN)The White House is preparing talking points designed to undermine Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein's credibility, according to sources familiar with the plan.

    The plan calls on President Donald Trump's allies to cast Rosenstein as too conflicted to fairly oversee the Russia investigation.
    The talking points are still in their preliminary form, and not yet finalized, people familiar with their preparation said.

    https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/12/politics/rod-rosenstein-white-house-effort/index.html

    Looks like Trump is preparing to obstruct justice again but he's totally not planning on firing Mueller.

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    joshofalltradesjoshofalltrades Class Traitor Smoke-filled roomRegistered User regular
    If Trump fires Rosenstein I expect immediate fire and fury. Failing to capitalize on that would be a huge unforced error.

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    CouscousCouscous Registered User regular
    edited April 2018
    Would Trump firing Rosenstein mean Mueller might need to extend the investigation into Trump to cover the firing of Rosenstein?

    Edit:
    The White House is hoping Trump's defenders will use the notion that Comey and Rosenstein are close to argue that Rosenstein is approving an ever-expanding investigation against Trump and his associates as retribution.

    "It's payback for the President firing one of his best friends," a source said.

    A source close to Rosenstein noted, however, that the two men are not friends.
    haha

    Couscous on
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    TheBigEasyTheBigEasy Registered User regular
    edited April 2018
    Spaffy wrote: »
    The President of the United States is awake and losing his shit about Comey's book:





    "It was my great honour to fire James Comey" is... punchy. I'm sure that won't have any repercussions with the Feds.

    Not sure what classified information he leaked?

    I am beating a dead horse at this point - but tweets like this are a startling reminder of how baffling his general behaviour is. I couldn't imagine ANY president acting like this, thinking that is ok. How has he not grasped the concept of "no comment" by now? Does he really think ANYONE goes "Oh, right Comey is a liar and the president is right, lets dismiss anything from Comey" because of those tweets up there?

    TheBigEasy on
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    joshofalltradesjoshofalltrades Class Traitor Smoke-filled roomRegistered User regular
    TheBigEasy wrote: »
    Spaffy wrote: »
    The President of the United States is awake and losing his shit about Comey's book:





    "It was my great honour to fire James Comey" is... punchy. I'm sure that won't have any repercussions with the Feds.

    Not sure what classified information he leaked?

    I am beating a dead horse at this time - but tweets like this are a startling reminder of how baffling his general behaviour is. I couldn't imagine ANY president acting like this, thinking that is ok. How has he not grasped the concept of "no comment" by now? Does he really think ANYONE goes "Oh, right Comey is a liar and the president is right, lets dismiss anything from Comey" because of those tweets up there?

    We live in a reality where our President paid off a porn star and was potentially taped watching Russian prostitutes pee on a bed. In the real world, the President of the United States may have incriminated himself several times over on, among other venues, Twitter.

    This is not a guy who thinks about his actions and their potential consequences. He has lived his entire life without any consequences.

    It is hard to overstate my gratification that will result if and when the hammer finally drops on him. I don’t mean in a schadenfreude way, but in a “laws and rules apply” kind of way.

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    AstaerethAstaereth In the belly of the beastRegistered User regular
    edited April 2018
    Trump complains there about how Comey handled the “Crooked Hillary” case even though the stated reason for firing him at the time was that he was unfair to Clinton and too hard. On “Crooked Hillary.”

    Astaereth on
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    shrykeshryke Member of the Beast Registered User regular
    Spoit wrote: »

    Ben Pershing is an editor for the national journal

    I'm really not sure about that strategy. Waiting for rational Republicans seems foolhardy

    As a rhetorical strategy it seems pretty awful but you are gonna need Republicans on board to actually do anything about the issue.

    On the other hand I think the only way to get them actually on board is if the public reaction is so overwhelmingly angry it makes them shit their pants in terror.

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    ZekZek Registered User regular
    Dems should react publicly right away and promise that consequences are coming, but take the time to reach out to every GOP member before they propose impeachment. You only get one shot at it.

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    kaidkaid Registered User regular
    ElJeffe wrote: »
    Trump is notorious about never admitting any infidelity ever. It’s part of keeping his wives completely dependent on him.

    Was his chief security guy interviewed by Mueller? He had some interesting things to say about this Moscow visit...

    I can see that, and I can see Melania refusing to admit these things to herself because who the hell would want to believe they were married to THAT.

    But I can also see it as being the case that Melania knows this shit is all true, but wanting there to be enough plausible deniability that she's not publicly known as "the wife who's married to THAT."

    I am guessing Melania is also just going LA LA LA LA to herself really loudly trying to run out the clock on donald and then walk away a very rich widow some day. But if this gets as ugly as it looks like it will she may just double middle finger this at some point and walk out and it would be hard to blame her.

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    joshofalltradesjoshofalltrades Class Traitor Smoke-filled roomRegistered User regular
    The mistake is in thinking Republicans will act in good faith at all

    If Rosenstein is fired, as Trump seems to be paving the way for, it shouldn’t take Democrats begging and pleading with them to make them do what’s right

    They should just do the right thing regardless

    But they won’t, because they value power over the good of the country

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    GONG-00GONG-00 Registered User regular
    TheBigEasy wrote: »
    Spaffy wrote: »
    The President of the United States is awake and losing his shit about Comey's book:





    "It was my great honour to fire James Comey" is... punchy. I'm sure that won't have any repercussions with the Feds.

    Not sure what classified information he leaked?

    I am beating a dead horse at this time - but tweets like this are a startling reminder of how baffling his general behaviour is. I couldn't imagine ANY president acting like this, thinking that is ok. How has he not grasped the concept of "no comment" by now? Does he really think ANYONE goes "Oh, right Comey is a liar and the president is right, lets dismiss anything from Comey" because of those tweets up there?

    Trump rode that dead horse of Twiitter behavior into the White House and him standing in its decomposing remains is keeping folks at bay from dragging him out (for the moment).

    Black lives matter.
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    shrykeshryke Member of the Beast Registered User regular
    TheBigEasy wrote: »
    Spaffy wrote: »
    The President of the United States is awake and losing his shit about Comey's book:





    "It was my great honour to fire James Comey" is... punchy. I'm sure that won't have any repercussions with the Feds.

    Not sure what classified information he leaked?

    I am beating a dead horse at this time - but tweets like this are a startling reminder of how baffling his general behaviour is. I couldn't imagine ANY president acting like this, thinking that is ok. How has he not grasped the concept of "no comment" by now? Does he really think ANYONE goes "Oh, right Comey is a liar and the president is right, lets dismiss anything from Comey" because of those tweets up there?

    He's a reality TV star and has been since before reality TV existed. That's the way he thinks and acts. That's what he cares about.

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    kaidkaid Registered User regular
    edited April 2018
    I think we are in for some interesting times in the next month. It sounds like mueller is sensing his time may be drawing short so it sounds like they are starting to prep the report on at least the obstruction of justice issue much sooner than expected.

    kaid on
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    kaidkaid Registered User regular
    shryke wrote: »
    Astaereth wrote: »
    He did pardon Scooter Libby, didn’t he? I got the impression that he did from the stuff I was reading last night.

    Who exactly is Scooter Libby? Ive been learning all sorts of names that were completely obscure to me even up to Trump’s election, but that’s a new one on me.

    Libby was the chief culprit in the Valerie Plame scandal, when (IIRC) Plame, a covert operative, had her identity leaked by the W. Bush admin as punishment for political actions taken by Plame’s husband.

    More accurately, Libby fell on the sword to protect the people higher up in the admin who were actually responsible (ie - Cheney). He did the time and refused to roll.

    And while the specifics of Libby's crimes are amusing/infuriating, they aren't topic. The only point was the hilarious contrast of this popping up like the day before Trump starts ranting about Comey leaking again.

    Actually very possibly they could be on topic. It appears to be laying the groundwork for pardoning people guilty of lying to the FBI and obstruction of justice which if you look at the mueller investigation is seemingly very much on point. I expect after scooter gets pardoned we start seeing a lot of pardons coming out fast and furious in the next few weeks to targets of mueller.

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    Harry DresdenHarry Dresden Registered User regular
    kaid wrote: »
    shryke wrote: »
    Astaereth wrote: »
    He did pardon Scooter Libby, didn’t he? I got the impression that he did from the stuff I was reading last night.

    Who exactly is Scooter Libby? Ive been learning all sorts of names that were completely obscure to me even up to Trump’s election, but that’s a new one on me.

    Libby was the chief culprit in the Valerie Plame scandal, when (IIRC) Plame, a covert operative, had her identity leaked by the W. Bush admin as punishment for political actions taken by Plame’s husband.

    More accurately, Libby fell on the sword to protect the people higher up in the admin who were actually responsible (ie - Cheney). He did the time and refused to roll.

    And while the specifics of Libby's crimes are amusing/infuriating, they aren't topic. The only point was the hilarious contrast of this popping up like the day before Trump starts ranting about Comey leaking again.

    Actually very possibly they could be on topic. It appears to be laying the groundwork for pardoning people guilty of lying to the FBI and obstruction of justice which if you look at the mueller investigation is seemingly very much on point. I expect after scooter gets pardoned we start seeing a lot of pardons coming out fast and furious in the next few weeks to targets of mueller.

    This might not go like he thinks, when the local DA's start circling the pardoned like a pack of sharks.

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    nexuscrawlernexuscrawler Registered User regular
    Can takjnig a federal pardon be used against you in state charges?

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    kaidkaid Registered User regular
    kaid wrote: »
    shryke wrote: »
    Astaereth wrote: »
    He did pardon Scooter Libby, didn’t he? I got the impression that he did from the stuff I was reading last night.

    Who exactly is Scooter Libby? Ive been learning all sorts of names that were completely obscure to me even up to Trump’s election, but that’s a new one on me.

    Libby was the chief culprit in the Valerie Plame scandal, when (IIRC) Plame, a covert operative, had her identity leaked by the W. Bush admin as punishment for political actions taken by Plame’s husband.

    More accurately, Libby fell on the sword to protect the people higher up in the admin who were actually responsible (ie - Cheney). He did the time and refused to roll.

    And while the specifics of Libby's crimes are amusing/infuriating, they aren't topic. The only point was the hilarious contrast of this popping up like the day before Trump starts ranting about Comey leaking again.

    Actually very possibly they could be on topic. It appears to be laying the groundwork for pardoning people guilty of lying to the FBI and obstruction of justice which if you look at the mueller investigation is seemingly very much on point. I expect after scooter gets pardoned we start seeing a lot of pardons coming out fast and furious in the next few weeks to targets of mueller.

    This might not go like he thinks, when the local DA's start circling the pardoned like a pack of sharks.

    Well just look how well firing comey worked for him this is not a long term strategic thinking whitehouse. They do stuff because it feels good in the moment but so far have proven adept at moving from scandal to scandal fast enough that it all becomes a blur. I honestly thing stuff like what is going on with stormy daniels and the state stuff probably is always where his real danger was. I just don't see impeachment ever happening or if it does it won't get through the senate but the state cases where he can't pardon people could really dig up a lot of skeletons he has paid a lot of money to keep buried.

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    FoefallerFoefaller Registered User regular
    edited April 2018
    Can takjnig a federal pardon be used against you in state charges?

    Yes, taking a pardon is seen as an admission of guilt.

    ...but I don't think there is any court precedent to 100% say that is so.

    Foefaller on
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    Santa ClaustrophobiaSanta Claustrophobia Ho Ho Ho Disconnecting from Xbox LIVERegistered User regular
    Foefaller wrote: »
    Can takjnig a federal pardon be used against you in state charges?

    Yes, taking a pardon is seen as an admission of guilt.

    ...but I don't think there is any court precedent to 100% say that is so.

    Mostly it means you cannot claim the fifth when testifying.

    So the pardoning of Libby means he can now be compelled to testify in any action against Bush II. Which was why people believed Bush commuted the sentence rather than pardon him. I expect nothing to come from it, of course, but I'm sure that there are some folks out there unhappy about the pardon.

    Personally, I believe it's a first step to issuing pardons for lying to the FBI so people are used to it being 'no big deal'.

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    VanguardVanguard But now the dream is over. And the insect is awake.Registered User, __BANNED USERS regular
    Foefaller wrote: »
    Can takjnig a federal pardon be used against you in state charges?

    Yes, taking a pardon is seen as an admission of guilt.

    ...but I don't think there is any court precedent to 100% say that is so.

    Right, the consensus is that this is academic but it follows that pardons are an admission of guilt so you can’t invoke the 5th as you’ve already a self-incriminated.

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    nexuscrawlernexuscrawler Registered User regular
    I mean like if you take a pardon for federal money laundering could that be brought up in a state money laundering case as evidence against you?

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    kaidkaid Registered User regular
    I mean like if you take a pardon for federal money laundering could that be brought up in a state money laundering case as evidence against you?

    Even without the pardon states can go after crimes committed in their state and new york has some pretty crazy jurisdiction due to the financial companies headquartered there. So you could get charged on both a federal level and a state level for things like money laundering. That is why no matter what happens to mueller especially after the cohen raid there likely is enough stuff there that this spins off into a multitude of state cases.

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    So It GoesSo It Goes We keep moving...Registered User regular
    I mean like if you take a pardon for federal money laundering could that be brought up in a state money laundering case as evidence against you?

    I posted about this the other day. Rights against self incrimination aren't linked to a particular legal proceeding, they're linked to the defendant and the facts in question. If you give up your 5th amendment rights in one case you can't still claim them in another case dealing with those same facts. There is a strong argument accepting a pardon means you've waived your 5th amendment rights by admitting guilt.

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    TaramoorTaramoor Storyteller Registered User regular
    So It Goes wrote: »
    I mean like if you take a pardon for federal money laundering could that be brought up in a state money laundering case as evidence against you?

    I posted about this the other day. Rights against self incrimination aren't linked to a particular legal proceeding, they're linked to the defendant and the facts in question. If you give up your 5th amendment rights in one case you can't still claim them in another case dealing with those same facts. There is a strong argument accepting a pardon means you've waived your 5th amendment rights by admitting guilt.

    I thought it was that the fifth didn’t apply anymore because you couldn’t face legal consequences due to the pardon so you weren’t incriminating yourself in a legal sense.

    Huh.

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    MolotovCockatooMolotovCockatoo Registered User regular
    The common wisdom going around for awhile now has certainly been "accepting a pardon is actually bad for these villains" but is there any time prior to this where that scenario has actually happened? Either someone accepting a pardon and then getting reamed with state charges, or refusing to accept a pardon due to the fear? Serious question, I have no idea.

    Killjoy wrote: »
    No jeez Orik why do you assume the worst about people?

    Because he moderates an internet forum

    http://lexiconmegatherium.tumblr.com/
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    HenroidHenroid Mexican kicked from Immigration Thread Centrism is Racism :3Registered User regular
    Vanguard wrote: »
    White House is prepping an effort to undermine Rosenstein

    Washington (CNN)The White House is preparing talking points designed to undermine Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein's credibility, according to sources familiar with the plan.

    The plan calls on President Donald Trump's allies to cast Rosenstein as too conflicted to fairly oversee the Russia investigation.
    The talking points are still in their preliminary form, and not yet finalized, people familiar with their preparation said.

    https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/12/politics/rod-rosenstein-white-house-effort/index.html

    Looks like Trump is preparing to obstruct justice again but he's totally not planning on firing Mueller.
    It's not like their effort with Comey has paid off. Especially since Trump threw the biggest "protesting too much" temper tantrum this morning.

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    kaidkaid Registered User regular
    The common wisdom going around for awhile now has certainly been "accepting a pardon is actually bad for these villains" but is there any time prior to this where that scenario has actually happened? Either someone accepting a pardon and then getting reamed with state charges, or refusing to accept a pardon due to the fear? Serious question, I have no idea.

    It is a bit uncharted ground because A) most presidents are careful about who they pardon and don't do it willy nilly B) most believe it does remove your right to then plead the fifth so you do like they did with scooter initially and you commute their sentence. So they are still guilty but they are not in jail anymore and if brought back for future questioning could still rightfully plead the fifth.

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    FencingsaxFencingsax It is difficult to get a man to understand, when his salary depends upon his not understanding GNU Terry PratchettRegistered User regular
    The common wisdom going around for awhile now has certainly been "accepting a pardon is actually bad for these villains" but is there any time prior to this where that scenario has actually happened? Either someone accepting a pardon and then getting reamed with state charges, or refusing to accept a pardon due to the fear? Serious question, I have no idea.

    Most presidents do not pardon without consulting actual lawyers who are actually competent.

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    GaddezGaddez Registered User regular
    Fencingsax wrote: »
    The common wisdom going around for awhile now has certainly been "accepting a pardon is actually bad for these villains" but is there any time prior to this where that scenario has actually happened? Either someone accepting a pardon and then getting reamed with state charges, or refusing to accept a pardon due to the fear? Serious question, I have no idea.

    Most presidents do not pardon without consulting actual lawyers who are actually competent.

    See his pardoning of Joe Arpaio for details.

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    Jebus314Jebus314 Registered User regular
    I would bet highly on SCOTUS ruling in favor of the pardon extending to states versions of federal laws. If states can enforce punishment on someone who is pardoned, then the president doesn't really have the power to grant pardons. It's yet another area that has existed on norms so far, rather than codified law, but that seems like a glaringly obvious case of not following the intent of the law.

    Where it gets trickier is if someone broke several laws, and was only pardoned for some but not others. For example if they actively engaged in illegal campaign finance, but also bank fraud, but were only pardoned for the illegal campaign finance. If compelled testimony (which is allowed after a pardon) about their crimes for campaign finance indicates further crimes that were related but not exactly the same, I'm less sure how that would play out.

    "The world is a mess, and I just need to rule it" - Dr Horrible
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    AngelHedgieAngelHedgie Registered User regular
    Jebus314 wrote: »
    I would bet highly on SCOTUS ruling in favor of the pardon extending to states versions of federal laws. If states can enforce punishment on someone who is pardoned, then the president doesn't really have the power to grant pardons. It's yet another area that has existed on norms so far, rather than codified law, but that seems like a glaringly obvious case of not following the intent of the law.

    Where it gets trickier is if someone broke several laws, and was only pardoned for some but not others. For example if they actively engaged in illegal campaign finance, but also bank fraud, but were only pardoned for the illegal campaign finance. If compelled testimony (which is allowed after a pardon) about their crimes for campaign finance indicates further crimes that were related but not exactly the same, I'm less sure how that would play out.

    SCOTUS has upheld the dual sovereign model, which is why someone pardoned at the federal level can still be on the hook for state crimes.

    XBL: Nox Aeternum / PSN: NoxAeternum / NN:NoxAeternum / Steam: noxaeternum
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    fightinfilipinofightinfilipino Angry as Hell #BLMRegistered User regular
    here we go

    Deputy AG Rod Rosenstein tells confidantes he is prepared to be fired
    NBC News wrote:
    In those conversations, he has repeated the phrase, "Here I stand," a reference to Martin Luther's famous quote, "Here I stand, I can do no other." Coincidentally, former FBI Director James Comey, whom Rosenstein fired, repeated the same phrase to President George W. Bush in a conversation that has been widely reported and that Comey describes in his forthcoming book.

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    I ZimbraI Zimbra Worst song, played on ugliest guitar Registered User regular
    No link because mobile, but NBC news is reporting that Rosenstein is telling people he expects to be fired any day.

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    fightinfilipinofightinfilipino Angry as Hell #BLMRegistered User regular
    i think we all need to be prepared to protest this weekend. this is increasingly looking like another late-Friday firing.

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    GaddezGaddez Registered User regular
    Jebus314 wrote: »
    I would bet highly on SCOTUS ruling in favor of the pardon extending to states versions of federal laws. If states can enforce punishment on someone who is pardoned, then the president doesn't really have the power to grant pardons. It's yet another area that has existed on norms so far, rather than codified law, but that seems like a glaringly obvious case of not following the intent of the law.

    Where it gets trickier is if someone broke several laws, and was only pardoned for some but not others. For example if they actively engaged in illegal campaign finance, but also bank fraud, but were only pardoned for the illegal campaign finance. If compelled testimony (which is allowed after a pardon) about their crimes for campaign finance indicates further crimes that were related but not exactly the same, I'm less sure how that would play out.

    I think a lot of this would depend on whether state level courts could exert jurisdiction over the crime in question; If you're pardoned for mass murder across three states then those states could concievably charge you, while if it was something like espionage then they wouldn't have any grounds to do so (since their is no state level punishment for that crime).

    Now most states wouldn't have the balls to try this under normal circumstances, but trump's been a pain in the ass for decades in states like NY and I could see state prosecutors eagerly tearing apart any lackies (or the big man himself) if given the opportunity.

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    Jebus314Jebus314 Registered User regular
    Jebus314 wrote: »
    I would bet highly on SCOTUS ruling in favor of the pardon extending to states versions of federal laws. If states can enforce punishment on someone who is pardoned, then the president doesn't really have the power to grant pardons. It's yet another area that has existed on norms so far, rather than codified law, but that seems like a glaringly obvious case of not following the intent of the law.

    Where it gets trickier is if someone broke several laws, and was only pardoned for some but not others. For example if they actively engaged in illegal campaign finance, but also bank fraud, but were only pardoned for the illegal campaign finance. If compelled testimony (which is allowed after a pardon) about their crimes for campaign finance indicates further crimes that were related but not exactly the same, I'm less sure how that would play out.

    SCOTUS has upheld the dual sovereign model, which is why someone pardoned at the federal level can still be on the hook for state crimes.

    But not the same crime. There is no way it would be legal for someone to be pardoned for say murder at a federal level and then charged for murder at a state level. It would completely undermine the power of the pardon.

    "The world is a mess, and I just need to rule it" - Dr Horrible
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    HenroidHenroid Mexican kicked from Immigration Thread Centrism is Racism :3Registered User regular
    edited April 2018
    here we go

    Deputy AG Rod Rosenstein tells confidantes he is prepared to be fired
    NBC News wrote:
    In those conversations, he has repeated the phrase, "Here I stand," a reference to Martin Luther's famous quote, "Here I stand, I can do no other." Coincidentally, former FBI Director James Comey, whom Rosenstein fired, repeated the same phrase to President George W. Bush in a conversation that has been widely reported and that Comey describes in his forthcoming book.
    The White House has also put out a statement that there will be breaking news about Rosenstein between 2pm and 4pm today, EST. So yeah, here we go.
    Edit - Currently unconfirmed.

    Henroid on
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    So It GoesSo It Goes We keep moving...Registered User regular
    edited April 2018
    Jebus314 wrote: »
    Jebus314 wrote: »
    I would bet highly on SCOTUS ruling in favor of the pardon extending to states versions of federal laws. If states can enforce punishment on someone who is pardoned, then the president doesn't really have the power to grant pardons. It's yet another area that has existed on norms so far, rather than codified law, but that seems like a glaringly obvious case of not following the intent of the law.

    Where it gets trickier is if someone broke several laws, and was only pardoned for some but not others. For example if they actively engaged in illegal campaign finance, but also bank fraud, but were only pardoned for the illegal campaign finance. If compelled testimony (which is allowed after a pardon) about their crimes for campaign finance indicates further crimes that were related but not exactly the same, I'm less sure how that would play out.

    SCOTUS has upheld the dual sovereign model, which is why someone pardoned at the federal level can still be on the hook for state crimes.

    But not the same crime. There is no way it would be legal for someone to be pardoned for say murder at a federal level and then charged for murder at a state level. It would completely undermine the power of the pardon.

    Cite?

    Presidential pardon power has always been for federal crimes. There is precedent for the dual sovereignty model. You want a state crime pardoned, you ask the Governor.

    So It Goes on
This discussion has been closed.